1. int(): Converts a value to an integer.

• Works with floats (truncates the decimal part) and strings containing numeric values.

num_float = 7.89
num_str = "50"

print(int(num_float))  # Output: 7
print(int(num_str))    # Output: 50

2. float(): Converts a value to a float.

• Works with integers and numeric strings.

num_int = 10
num_str = "30.5"

print(float(num_int))  # Output: 10.0
print(float(num_str))  # Output: 30.5

3. str(): Converts a value to a string.

• Works with integers, floats, and other data types.

age = 28
height = 6.1

print(str(age))    # Output: '28'
print(str(height)) # Output: '6.1'

4. list(): Converts a value to a list.

• Converts strings, tuples, or other iterable objects into lists.

tuple_example = ("Harsha", "Praveen")
list_example = list(tuple_example)
print(list_example)  # Output: ['Harsha', 'Praveen']

5. tuple(): Converts a value to a tuple.

• Converts lists or other iterable objects into tuples.

list_example = ["Vasanta", "Kumar"]
tuple_example = tuple(list_example)
print(tuple_example)  # Output: ('Vasanta', 'Kumar')

6. dict(): Converts a list of key-value pairs into a dictionary.

• The list must contain tuples or lists of key-value pairs.

list_of_pairs = [("name", "Dodagatta Nihar"), ("age", 30)]
dict_example = dict(list_of_pairs)
print(dict_example)  # Output: {'name': 'Dodagatta Nihar', 'age': 30}

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Example: Converting User Input

User input from the input() function is always a string, so we often need to convert it to the appropriate type.

# Asking Harsha for his age
age_input = input("Enter your age, Harsha: ")  # User input is string by default

# Convert the input to an integer
age = int(age_input)
print(f"Harsha is {age} years old.")

Output:

Enter your age, Harsha: 26
Harsha is 26 years old.

Here, we take Harsha's age as input (which is a string) and convert it to an integer using int() before printing it.

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Handling Type Conversion Errors

When trying to convert a value to an incompatible type, Python raises a ValueError.

Example: Invalid String to Integer Conversion

invalid_str = "Dodagatta Nihar"

try:
    num = int(invalid_str)
except ValueError:
    print(f"Cannot convert '{invalid_str}' to an integer.")

Output:

Cannot convert 'Dodagatta Nihar' to an integer.

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Few more examples

Example 1: Converting Between Data Types

age = "30"  # String
height = 5.9  # Float
name = "Praveen"

# Explicit conversion
age_int = int(age)  # Convert string to int
height_str = str(height)  # Convert float to string

print(f"{name} is {age_int} years old and {height_str} feet tall.")

Output:

Praveen is 30 years old and 5.9 feet tall.

Example 2: List to Tuple Conversion

friends_list = ["Dodagatta Nihar", "Harsha", "Vasanta Kumar"]
friends_tuple = tuple(friends_list)
print(friends_tuple)

Output:

('Dodagatta Nihar', 'Harsha', 'Vasanta Kumar')

Example 3: String to Float Conversion

salary_str = "50000.75"
salary = float(salary_str)  # Convert string to float

print(f"Vasanta Kumar's salary is {salary}.")

Output:

Vasanta Kumar's salary is 50000.75.

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