Python supports various data types that specify the kind of value a variable can hold. The most commonly used data types in Python are:

1. Numeric Types

• int: Integer numbers (e.g., 10, -5, 1000)
• float: Floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14, -0.001, 2.0)
• complex: Complex numbers (e.g., 3 + 4j, where j is the imaginary unit)

Example:

age = 30        # int
price = 19.99   # float
complex_num = 2 + 3j  # complex

2. String (str)

A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in single (') or double (") quotes. Strings in Python are immutable, meaning their content cannot be changed after creation.

Example:

name = "Nihar"
greeting = 'Hello, World!'

Strings support various operations like concatenation, slicing, and formatting.

Example (Concatenation):

first_name = "Dodagatta"
last_name = "Nihar"
full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
print(full_name)

Output:

Dodagatta Nihar

Example (Slicing):

text = "Python"
print(text[0])   # Output: 'P'
print(text[1:4]) # Output: 'yth'

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3. Boolean (bool)

Booleans represent two values: True or False. They are used for logical operations and conditions.

Example:

is_adult = True
is_student = False

Booleans can be used in conditional expressions.

Example:

age = 20
is_adult = age >= 18
print(is_adult)  # Output: True

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4. List

A list is an ordered, mutable collection of items. Lists can store elements of different data types and are defined using square brackets ([]).

Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
mixed = [1, "apple", 3.14, True]

Lists can be indexed and sliced, just like strings.

Example:

print(fruits[0])    # Output: 'apple'
print(numbers[1:3]) # Output: [2, 3]

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5. Tuple

A tuple is an ordered, immutable collection of items. Tuples are defined using parentheses (()).

Example:

person = ("Praveen", 30, "Engineer")
coordinates = (10.5, 20.3)

Once created, the elements of a tuple cannot be modified.

Example:

person = ("Vasanta", 25)
# person[0] = "Kumar"  # This will raise an error because tuples are immutable.

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6. Dictionary (dict)

A dictionary is an unordered, mutable collection of key-value pairs. Dictionaries are defined using curly braces ({}).

Example:

student = {
    "name": "Dodagatta Nihar",
    "age": 25,
    "major": "Computer Science"
}

In dictionaries, each key must be unique, and the values can be accessed by their corresponding keys.

Example:

print(student["name"])  # Output: Dodagatta Nihar
print(student["age"])   # Output: 25

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7. Set

A set is an unordered, mutable collection of unique items. Sets are defined using curly braces ({}).

Example:

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5}
print(my_set)  # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (duplicate 4 is removed)

Sets do not allow duplicate values and are mainly used for membership tests and removing duplicates.

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