Abstraction hides the complex implementation details and shows only the essential features of the object. In Python, abstraction is implemented using abstract classes and methods.

Abstract Classes

An abstract class cannot be instantiated and typically contains one or more abstract methods that must be implemented by derived classes.

Example:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        pass

class Rectangle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, width, height):
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def area(self):
        return self.width * self.height

rect = Rectangle(5, 10)
print(rect.area())  # Output: 50

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