Type Checking

type()

Returns the type of an object.

Syntax:

type(object)

Example:

print(type("hello"))  # Output: <class 'str'>
print(type(123))  # Output: <class 'int'>

isinstance()

Checks if an object is an instance or subclass of a class or a tuple of classes.

Syntax:

isinstance(object, classinfo)

Example:

print(isinstance("hello", str))  # Output: True
print(isinstance(123, (int, float)))  # Output: True

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Input and Output

print()

Prints objects to the console.

Syntax:

print(*objects[, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False])

Example:

print("Hello", "world")  # Output: Hello world

input()

Reads a line from input, converts it to a string, and returns it.

Syntax:

input([prompt])

Example:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

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Utility Functions

id()

Returns the identity (unique identifier) of an object.

Syntax:

id(object)

Example:

x = 10
print(id(x))  # Output: A unique identifier for x

callable()

Checks if an object appears to be callable (i.e., if it can be called as a function).

Syntax:

callable(object)

Example:

print(callable(print))  # Output: True
print(callable(123))  # Output: False

eval()

Evaluates a given expression from a string-based input.

Syntax:

eval(expression[, globals[, locals]])

Example:

result = eval("2 + 3")
print(result)  # Output: 5

exec()

Executes a dynamically created Python code which can be a single statement, multiple statements, or a block.

Syntax:

exec(object[, globals[, locals]])

Example:

exec("for i in range(3): print(i)")

Output:

0
1
2

format()

Formats a value according to a format specification.

Syntax:

format(value[, format_spec])

Example:

print(format(1234.567, ".2f"))  # Output: 1234.57

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